ABSTRACT This study assessed the causes and effects of abortion among adolescents aged 15–18 years in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State. The study was conducted to identify the major causes of abortion among adolescents, determine the factors influencing abortion decisions, and examine the health and emotional effects associated with abortion. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The target population consisted of adolescents within the study area, and a structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. A total of 88 respondents participated in the study. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, and the results were presented in tables. The findings revealed that unintended pregnancy (38.6%) was the major cause of abortion among adolescents, followed by fear of social stigma (23.9%), peer pressure (20.5%), and lack of parental support (17.0%). The study further found that the desire to continue schooling (33.0%) and fear of continuing the pregnancy (30.7%) were the leading factors influencing adolescents to seek abortion. A substantial majority of respondents, 76.1%, agreed that inadequate knowledge of contraceptive methods contributes to abortion among adolescents. In addition, poverty (35.2%) was identified as the most influential socio-economic factor associated with abortion, while 80.7% of respondents agreed that fear of dropping out of school influences abortion decisions. Similarly, 80.7% either agreed or strongly agreed that financial challenges increase the likelihood of abortion among adolescents. Regarding the effects of abortion, the majority of respondents (59.1%) indicated that abortion could result in multiple health complications, including infection, excessive bleeding, and infertility. Furthermore, 44.3% of respondents reported that abortion is commonly associated with a combination of emotional effects such as anxiety, depression, and guilt, highlighting the psychological consequences experienced by adolescents who undergo abortion. The study concluded that abortion among adolescents in Dogarawa Community is primarily influenced by unintended pregnancy, educational concerns, inadequate contraceptive knowledge, poverty, and financial difficulties. It was further concluded that abortion exposes adolescents to serious physical and emotional health consequences. The study recommends strengthening comprehensive reproductive health education, improving access to adolescent-friendly healthcare services, enhancing parental guidance and support, promoting school retention programmes for pregnant adolescents, and implementing community-based awareness campaigns aimed at preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing unsafe abortion practices among adolescents. Table of Contents ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Justification of the Study 1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study 1.5 Research Questions 1.6 Significance of the Study 1.7 Scope of the Study 1.8 Definition of Terms CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 Concept of Abortion 2.3 Concept of Adolescence 2.4 Adolescent Reproductive Health 2.5 Causes of Abortion among Adolescents 2.6 Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Abortion among Adolescents 2.7 Effects of Abortion among Adolescents 2.8 Strategies for Reducing Abortion among Adolescents 2.9 Empirical Studies CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Design 3.3 Study Area 3.4 Research Population 3.5 Sample and Sampling 3.6 Instrument for Data Collection 3.7 Data Collection Procedure 3.8 Validity and Reliability of Instruments 3.9 Method of Data Analysis CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4.3 Discussion of Findings 38 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary 5.3 Conclusion 5.4 Recommendations CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Abortion, defined as the termination of pregnancy before fetal viability, remains a significant public health and social concern worldwide, particularly among adolescents. Adolescence is a transitional stage marked by rapid physical, emotional, and psychological changes, which often influence behavioral patterns, including sexual decision-making. During this period, adolescents may engage in risky sexual activities due to curiosity, peer influence, or lack of adequate reproductive health knowledge, thereby increasing the likelihood of unintended pregnancies and abortion (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). Globally, adolescent pregnancy continues to pose serious public health challenges, especially in developing countries where access to reproductive health services is limited. The World Health Organization has consistently reported that unsafe abortion is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly among young girls who lack access to safe and legal abortion services. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to limited autonomy, poor access to health services, and inadequate sexual education (Alabi et al., 2023). In many developing countries, including Nigeria, unintended pregnancies among adolescents are largely attributed to insufficient knowledge and utilization of contraceptive methods. Studies have indicated that low contraceptive use among adolescents significantly contributes to unwanted pregnancies, which often result in induced abortion. Misconceptions about contraceptives, especially fears related to infertility and side effects, have been identified as major barriers to their use among adolescents (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). Socio-cultural factors also play a crucial role in influencing abortion practices among adolescents. Cultural norms, religious beliefs, and societal expectations often stigmatize premarital pregnancy, thereby compelling adolescents to seek abortion in order to avoid shame, discrimination, and social exclusion. In many African societies, pregnancy outside marriage is considered unacceptable, which places immense pressure on young girls to terminate pregnancies secretly (Alabi et al., 2023). Economic factors further contribute to the prevalence of abortion among adolescents. Poverty and financial instability limit access to quality healthcare services and contraceptives, thereby increasing the likelihood of unintended pregnancies. Adolescents from low-income backgrounds may also perceive abortion as a more viable option compared to the financial burden associated with childbearing and child-rearing (Bankole et al., 2015). Educational aspirations are another significant factor influencing abortion decisions among adolescents. Many adolescents seek to terminate pregnancies in order to continue their education and avoid interruptions in their academic pursuits. The fear of dropping out of school or facing expulsion due to pregnancy has been widely documented as a major reason for abortion among adolescents (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). The health implications of abortion, particularly unsafe abortion, are severe and can result in complications such as hemorrhage, infection, uterine damage, infertility, and even death. Adolescents are especially at risk due to their limited access to safe abortion services, which often forces them to resort to unsafe methods or unqualified providers (Ganatra et al., 2017). In addition to physical health risks, abortion among adolescents is associated with psychological consequences. Feelings of guilt, anxiety, depression, and emotional distress are common, especially in environments where abortion is stigmatized. These psychological effects can have long-term impacts on the mental well-being of adolescents (Bellieni & Buonocore, 2017). Despite global efforts to improve adolescent reproductive health, the incidence of abortion among adolescents remains high due to persistent barriers such as inadequate sexual education, cultural stigma, and limited access to reproductive health services. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive understanding of the causes and consequences of abortion among adolescents (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). Furthermore, gender dynamics and power imbalances in relationships significantly contribute to the incidence of unintended pregnancies and abortion among adolescents. Many adolescent girls lack the autonomy to negotiate safe sexual practices, including the use of contraceptives, especially in relationships with older partners. This vulnerability increases their exposure to unprotected sexual intercourse, thereby raising the likelihood of unintended pregnancies. In such situations, abortion may be perceived as the only available option to manage the consequences of these unequal power relations (Darroch et al., 2016). In addition, limited access to youth-friendly reproductive health services continues to hinder adolescents from obtaining appropriate care and guidance. Health facilities in many developing regions often lack confidentiality, affordability, and adolescent-sensitive approaches, which discourages young people from seeking reproductive health services. Fear of judgment by healthcare providers and lack of privacy further exacerbate the situation, leading adolescents to rely on unsafe alternatives when faced with unintended pregnancies (Chandra-Mouli et al., 2015). Moreover, the influence of media and modern technology has also been identified as a contributing factor to changing sexual behaviors among adolescents. Exposure to sexually explicit content through social media and the internet may encourage early sexual initiation without adequate knowledge of reproductive health consequences. This, combined with inadequate parental guidance and weak regulatory frameworks, increases adolescents’ vulnerability to risky sexual practices, unintended pregnancies, and ultimately abortion (Kassa et al., 2018). In Nigeria, particularly in communities such as Dogarawa in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, there is increasing concern regarding the prevalence of abortion among adolescents. However, there is limited empirical data on the specific causes and effects of abortion among adolescents aged 15–18 years in this community. This study therefore seeks to assess the causes and effects of abortion among adolescents in Dogarawa Community with the aim of providing evidence-based recommendations for improving adolescent reproductive health outcomes. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Unsafe abortion remains a major public health issue globally, particularly in developing countries where access to safe reproductive health services is limited and legal restrictions exist. Adolescents represent a vulnerable group that is disproportionately affected by abortion-related complications due to their limited access to accurate health information and services (Ganatra et al., 2017). In Nigeria, the rate of unintended pregnancy among adolescents continues to rise, largely due to poor knowledge and low utilization of contraceptives. This situation contributes significantly to the increasing rate of abortion among adolescents, many of which are carried out under unsafe conditions (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). One of the major concerns associated with abortion among adolescents is the high incidence of complications resulting from unsafe procedures. Many adolescents resort to self-induced abortion or seek services from unqualified practitioners due to fear of stigma, lack of confidentiality, or legal implications. These unsafe practices often result in severe health consequences, including infections, infertility, and even death (Ganatra et al., 2017). Another significant problem is the widespread misconception about contraceptive methods among adolescents. Many adolescents avoid using contraceptives due to fears of side effects such as infertility, which increases the likelihood of unintended pregnancies and subsequent abortion (Sedgh et al., 2016). Socio-cultural and religious factors further complicate the situation by discouraging open discussions about sexual and reproductive health. Adolescents often lack access to reliable information and support systems, which increases their vulnerability to risky sexual behaviors and poor reproductive health decisions (Alabi et al., 2023). Another pressing concern is the psychological and emotional burden associated with abortion among adolescents. Many adolescents who undergo abortion experience feelings of guilt, fear, regret, and anxiety, particularly in societies where abortion is highly stigmatized. The lack of post-abortion counseling services further worsens these emotional outcomes, leaving adolescents without adequate support systems to cope with the psychological effects. Over time, these unresolved emotional challenges may negatively impact their mental health, social relationships, and overall well-being (Bellieni & Buonocore, 2017). Additionally, the issue of repeat abortions among adolescents has emerged as a growing public health concern. Evidence suggests that adolescents who lack access to proper reproductive health education and contraceptive services are more likely to experience repeated unintended pregnancies and subsequent abortions. This cycle not only exposes them to cumulative health risks but also reflects systemic failures in addressing adolescent reproductive health needs effectively (Bearak et al., 2020). Furthermore, inadequate policy implementation and weak healthcare systems in many developing countries continue to exacerbate the problem of unsafe abortion among adolescents. Although policies and programs aimed at improving reproductive health exist, their effectiveness is often limited by poor funding, lack of trained personnel, and insufficient community engagement. This gap between policy and practice contributes to the persistence of unsafe abortion practices, particularly in underserved communities where adolescents face multiple barriers to accessing safe and quality healthcare services (Chandra-Mouli et al., 2015). Despite the growing concern about abortion among adolescents, there is limited research focusing specifically on the causes and effects of abortion in semi-urban communities such as Dogarawa. This lack of data hinders the development of targeted interventions aimed at addressing the unique challenges faced by adolescents in such communities. Therefore, this study seeks to fill this gap by assessing the causes and effects of abortion among adolescents in Dogarawa Community. 1.3 Justification of the Study The increasing prevalence of abortion among adolescents and its associated health risks necessitate the need for this study. Understanding the underlying causes of abortion is essential for developing effective strategies to reduce unintended pregnancies and improve adolescent reproductive health outcomes (Ayamolowo et al., 2024). Furthermore, this study will provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic factors influencing abortion decisions among adolescents. Such information is critical for policymakers, healthcare providers, and educators in designing culturally appropriate interventions that address the reproductive health needs of adolescents (Alabi et al., 2023). Additionally, the findings of this study will contribute to existing literature on adolescent reproductive health and serve as a reference for future research. It will also help raise awareness about the consequences of unsafe abortion and the importance of promoting safe reproductive health practices among adolescents (Ganatra et al., 2017). 1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to assess the causes and effects of abortion among adolescents (15-18years) in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State. The specific objectives are: i. To identify the causes of abortion among adolescents (15-18years) in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State ii. To examine the socio-economic factors influencing abortion among adolescents (15-18years) in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State iii. To assess the effects of abortion on adolescents (15-18years)in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State 1.5 Research Questions i. What are the causes of abortion among adolescents (15-18years)in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State? ii. What socio-economic factors influence abortion among adolescents (15-18years) in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State? iii. What are the effects of abortion on adolescents (15-18years)in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State? 1.6 Significance of the Study This study will be beneficial to public health professionals by providing empirical data that can guide policy formulation and intervention programs aimed at improving adolescent reproductive health. It will also assist educators and school administrators in understanding the need for comprehensive sexuality education, which will enable adolescents to make informed reproductive health decisions. Furthermore, the study will help parents and community leaders understand the challenges faced by adolescents, thereby encouraging supportive environments that promote healthy behaviors. Finally, the study will contribute to academic knowledge and serve as a reference for future research in the field of adolescent reproductive health. 1.7 Scope of the Study This study focuses on assessing the causes and effects of abortion among adolescents aged 15–18 years in Dogarawa Community, Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State. It covers factors influencing abortion, its effects, and awareness of reproductive health among adolescents within the study area. 1.8 Definition of Terms • Abortion – Termination of pregnancy before fetal viability • Adolescent – Individual aged between 10 and 19 years • Unintended Pregnancy – Pregnancy that is not planned or desired • Unsafe Abortion – Abortion carried out under unsafe conditions • Reproductive Health – Overall well-being in reproductive matters • Contraception – Methods used to prevent pregnancy • Maternal Mortality – Death during pregnancy or childbirth • Peer Pressure – Influence from individuals of similar age • Socio-cultural Factors – Social and cultural influences on behavior • Sexual Education – Education on reproductive and sexual health • Health Complications – Medical problems arising from a condition • Stigma – Negative societal perception or discrimination